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abgeschlossene ProjekteProjektbeschreibung zu kürzlich abgeschlossenen Aktivitäten der Abteilung Rebenzüchtung:
ResGen 081 EU Projekt 1998-2002 Introduction The objective of the EU Council Regulation No 1467/94 of 20 June 1994 aimed at the effective development and coordination of the conservation, characterisation, collection and sustainable utilisation of genetic resources in agriculture. Support had been given to bring together the work undertaken in the Member States and to render it beneficial for the needs of the Community, in line with the common agricultural policy and the Convention of Biological Diversity.
The tasks and milestones of Genres081 were the establishment of the European Vitis Database with primary- and secondary descriptor data, with photos of different parts of the vine and the utilisation of STMS-Marker analysis for variety recognition. Furthermore for variety description and evaluation appropriate primary- and secondary descriptors had to be selected.
All the data gathered during the 5 project years and the descriptors are available via the Internet (http://www.dainet.de/eccdb/vitis). Hard copies of the „Primary- and Secondary Descriptor Lists for Grapevine Cultivars and Species (Vitis L.)“ are available at the coordinators place, the Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof. The dissemination of the results has been done via oral presentations, journals and grower magazines. Because world-wide producers and consumers concentrate more and more on a few number of wellknown varieties such as Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah, pushing away traditional varieties, description focussed mainly on autochthonous and for a long time neglected varieties. Recent scientific investigations discovered that the high quality varieties Chardonnay and Syrah enjoying increasing reputation and which are increasing in area, both descent from parents which are rare and were abandoned by viticulture. In the case of Chardonnay the parentage could be discovered only because Gouais blanc (syn. Heunisch weiss), one of the parents, survived in grapevine collections. The survival of these neglected varieties will enable researchers to investigate on their apparently good combining ability. Work has still to be done to explain from a genetic point of view the good quality characteristics of the offsprings. At least it has been demonstrated, that the conservation of grapevine genetic resources for today and future requirements is of extreme importance.
Task 1
Verification of the EU-Vitis-database (http://www.dainet.de/eccdb/vitis/) inputs
The inputs of the European Vitis-database were checked by the partners and modified when necessary. Owing to the planting of new accessions, loss or elimination of accessions in the fifth project year the passport data of partners 1, 2, 3, 9, 10 and 16 have been updated. Together with the primary and secondary descriptor data and the pictures of the fifth project year they were sent to the Centre for Agricultural Documentation and Information / Institute for Biological Diversity (ZADI / IBV). The major problem was, that for nearly all partners the key-fields which should connect passport data, descriptor data and pictures did not correspond or occurred more than once.
Grapevine collections
About 95% of the varieties in the world grapevine collections are true to type. The errors, due to synonyms, homonyms and about 5% misnamed varieties, are propagated through material exchange. Wrong variety designations have an impact on research, grapevine breeding, the rationalisation of collections and the preservation of genetic resources. Hence the checking of the true to typeness of the varieties in grapevine collections is indispensable. The efforts - carried out within Genres081 towards the utilisation of STMS-Markers for this purpose - have been an important step in that direction. Some partners pursued their efforts to ascertain the identity of varieties in their grapevine collections by the means of primary and secondary descriptors, photos and bibliography (partners: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 11), plus isoenzymes (partner 9) and microsatellites (partner 2).
Task 2
Recording of primary descriptors according to the Primary Descriptor List for Grapevine Cultivars and Species (Vitis L.), 1997
Ampelographic and ampelometric descriptors
The ampelographic descriptors were recorded in the field collection at three observation times: At flowering time (11 descriptors); From berry set to veraison (12 descriptors); At maturity (8 descriptors). For the leaf measurement (19 descriptors) 10 mature, healthy leaves above the 6th node and within the medium third of the shoot were collected, pressed and dried. Most of the partners used a digitiser tablet and the leaf measurement program developed by partner 2. The density of the prostrate and erect hairs on the lower side of the leaf was evaluated by using a binocular. Recording of berry length and width was carried out in the laboratory.
Results in year 2001 / respectively project years 2 to 5
The total target of the Genres081-project was to describe about 600 varieties with primary descriptors. This task is largely on schedule: In the year 2001, 428 old and endangered varieties have been described, from which 208 were new varieties. Since the beginning of the project 834 different varieties have been described. For more details on the contribution of the partners see table 1.
General results of primary descriptor recording
The notations and measurements recorded by the partners for the 5 reference varieties were compared during the 3rd and 4th workshop to evaluate the conformity in descriptor recording and if necessary improve the definition. The suitability of the descriptors (easiness in recording, objectivity, minimal modification sensibility) was discussed, appropriate changes were effected where advisable. Partner 8 carried out a statistical treatment with the primary descriptor data of the reference varieties from partners 1-12 and 16 (for the paper see the individual report of partner 8). Even though the descriptions were made in different environments and by 13 different institutes discriminant analysis showed a good assignment of varieties to their group. In its entirety the chosen descriptors are reliable and hence suited for variety description.
Recent findings about parentages in grapevines lead to the speculation that wide crossings between non related genotypes lead to a sort of heterosis effect. By comparison of the descriptor notations, high variability between the old endangered varieties, described within the project, can be stated. These findings confirm that the efforts in the maintenance of genetic resources are justified and have to be strengthened in the coming years, considering the high potential upon which selection-, breeding- and research programs can operate.
The primary descriptor data were also used to clarify synonymy questions (see the individual reports of partner 9 for the Italian variety families „Refoschi“, „Cagnina“, „Fiano and Aglianico“ and „Malvasia“). In addition the primary descriptor data were taken for identity ascertainment of old, rare and non identified indigenous varieties which have been collected by the project partners in the previous years and for identity assessment of misnamed accessions in the partners grapevine collections. For both activities see the individual reports of the partners 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11. The true identity of rare varieties is sometimes difficult or seems to be impossible to find out, at least at the moment. But the verification of the accessions identity will be pursued. Partner 10, who is taking care for a grapevine collection consisting of about 400 mainly neglected and endangered accessions, succeeded to identify around 2/3 of her accessions.
Primary descriptor priority list
At the suggestion of the Croatian partner the Genres081-project partners agreed on the compilation of a „Primary Descriptor Priority List“, comprising 14 primary descriptors (see below) as priority one. The list will be useful for the quick characterisation of varieties discovered „in situ“. The chosen descriptors show a good discriminating power between varieties. Most of them are easy to score.
The 14 primary descriptors of the „Primary Descriptor Priority List“:
OIV Code N° Descriptor
Future objective: Harmonisation of the Vitis descriptors of the three institutions Office International de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV), Union pour la Protection des Obtentions Végétales (UPOV) and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI)
In the Genres081-project, for the first time old and neglected grapevine varieties have been described according to a common code, that means according to the „Primary Descriptor List for Grapevine Cultivars and Species (Vitis L.)“ compiled during the five project years. The 54 selected primary descriptors were adopted mainly from the „OIV Descriptor List for Grapevine Varieties and Vitis Species“ (OIV, 1983). In the beginning of the project and also in course of the project the chosen descriptors were modified according to the ampelography experts´ experience and some were newly created. The reintegration/addition of these descriptors into the „OIV Descriptor List for Grapevine Varieties and Vitis Species“ and the official acknowledgement of the descriptors is envisaged. By the way some descriptor modifications which had been made during the 1st Genres081-workshop in 1997 are already included in the revised edition of IPGRI´s „Descriptors for Grapevine (Vitis spp.)“ (IPGRI, 1997)
In March 2002 during the meeting of the OIV expert group „Vine selection“ in Paris, the coordinator of Genres081 was nominated to coordinate the harmonisation of the three existing descriptor lists together with the representatives of the three organisations. Considering the different purposes for which descriptors are used by these three institutions, a complete coincidence will not be realistic. But the harmonisation is underway. Until March 2003 the draft version will be presented at the OIV expert group „Vine selection“.
Photos of shoot tips, leaves and clusters
Variety distinction and identification is aided by comparison of photographs of different anatomical parts of the plant. In addition the pictures of the cluster and berries, indicating their shape and size are of interest for winegrowers and breeders. For the illustration of the rare and endangered grapevine varieties, described in the scope of Genres081, partners 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 16 provided 2136 photographs of shoot tips, leaves and clusters. The ZADI / IBV added the pictures to the corresponding accessions of the EU-Vitis-database.
Microsatellite (STMS-marker) - analysis
The Genres 081 proposal from 1996 did include the application of microsatellite DNA markers on only a very small scale. But since that date, research moved ahead and nowadays microsatellites are extremely efficient and useful for grapevine identification and parentage analysis. For that reason the participants of the Genres 081 project agreed that our project is an excellent platform to utilise already developed STMS markers for the implementation of an universally available STMS-Marker database for variety identification purposes. This decision was taken during the 2nd workshop at Dois Portos / The at that date most informative markers were selected. A rank list of six loci (core markers) was established: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VrZAG62 and VrZAG79. In the following three circular tests were carried out, where all partners worked with identical DNA (from one accession) which was distributed either through shipment of DNA or through shipment of wood. No standardisation of the PCR-protocol was considered owing to the many factors affecting PCR-procedure like the different methods for allele length assessment (manual sequencing or capillary- or gel based automatic sequencer) and because of the expensive equipment already existing in the partners laboratories. Partner 2 (Patrice This) managed the coordination of the STMS-marker analysis, compiled and coded the partners data of the three circular tests. The first round of analysis was carried out with 5 varieties: Furmint, Merlot Noir, Sultanina, Touriga Nacional and Trebbiano Toscano. By comparing the data several discrepancies turned up. But in most cases the differences in size between the two alleles of a variety and between the partners were conserved. Therefore a new experiment was designed intending the utilisation of varieties with known alleles as reference varieties, replacing common standards. Hence for the 2nd round of analysis 11 additional varieties (Barbera, Cabernet franc, Chardonnay, Merlot Noir, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sultanina, Muscat blanc à petits grains, Gewürztraminer, Silvaner and Kober 5 BB) were selected by partner 2 being analysed together with the 5 varieties of the 1st round of analysis. Again the 6 STMS-markers were analysed by 8 participating partners. The allele lengths of the 16 varieties were compared. Again the shiftings in the size of the markers remained largely constant between partners and varieties. Minor discrepancies occurred, if (1) new alleles were far away from common alleles, if (2) they were situated very closely and could be interpreted as stutter bands, or if (3) distinction between homozygocity and heterzygosity seemed not evident. In the following for all alleles found, varieties of international importance were chosen as reference varieties (example varieties). According to these example varieties, the allele-sizes of all the other varieties were coded. After this procedure the results of the different laboratories were largely identical. In case of discrepancies, the partners had to repeat the analysis.
In 2000 recent scientific publications on STMS-marker data announced the existence of additional alleles for American Vitis species and rootstocks. Therefore according to the publications the coordinator´s staff has chosen 35 varieties to be analysed in the 3rd round of analysis (5th project year): Admirable de Courtiller, Agiorgitiko, Alvarelhao, Carignan, Castel 216-3, Couderc 3309, Couderc 1616, Fercal, Goethe 9, Hans, Jacquez, Kober 5BB, Madeleine Royale, Malegue 44-53, Mancin, Mauzac, Mavrodaphni, Millardet et Grasset 101-14, Millardet etGrasset 420A, Mourvedre, Muscat of Alexandria, Paulsen 1103, Portugieser, Richter 110, Richter 99, Romorantin, Rondinella, Ruggeri 140, Salvador =128 Seibel, Saperavi (FRA01), Schwarzmann, Teleki 5C, Veltliner Rot, Vialla, Vital. Owing to the fact that germplasm with American Vitis species background was added, new, in particular much longer, alleles surfaced. Problems occurred whilst the real distance to former alleles had to be fixed and the length definition sometimes turned out complicated through occurrence of one step differences between alleles. In addition again confusion came up about heterozygosity and homocygosity of alleles. But the results of the 3rd round of analysis showed, that the choice of the additional varieties had been justified in the context where: (1) The number of alleles has been increased. 13 to 23 alleles per marker have been found. (2) The extension of the markers has been enlarged with a scale ranging from 26 to 46 base pairs difference between the smallest and the longest allele. Most of the possible alleles seem to be found. According to the results of the 3rd round of analysis 31 reference varieties are necessary to represent the 101 alleles which were found. Conclusion: (1) The choice of the STMS-markers (4 years ago) turned out to be enough polymorphic and suited for distinction and identification purposes. (2) The analysis can be carried out independent of equipment or the applied method which is necessary for the universal utilisation of descriptors and results. After the 2nd round of analysis preliminary OIV-descriptors for the 6 STMS-markers were developed. In 2002 after the 3rd round of analysis the additional allele lengths which were found were added and the descriptor definition was improved and completed during the 4th Genres081 workshop at Conegliano. The descriptors layout was conceived according to the descriptors of the OIV descriptor list for grapevine varieties and Vitis-species. For each existing allele reference varieties (called example varieties in the descriptors) were chosen. The variety names were codified. Concerning the operation of codification, for more explanations see the descriptors in annex 5 of the individual report of the coordinator. The results of the Genres081 STMS-marker work will be published in 2003. The manuscript has been written by partner 2 and the coordinators staff. But owing to the tremendous laboratory, data-composing and coordination work these goals seem difficult to achieve. The ZADI / IBV would be ready to help implementing the program.
In addition to the use of STMS-Marker analysis for variety distinction and identification, respectively the statement of true-to-typeness, the parentage and the genetic distance (respectively the non relatedness of grapevine varieties) can be stated which seems to play an important role in breeding.
Task 3
Recording of secondary descriptors according to the Secondary Descriptor List for Grapevine Cultivars and Species (Vitis L.), 1999
The descriptors were recorded in the field collection at four observation times: At bud burst (1 descriptor), at flowering time (3 descriptors); at veraison (1 descriptor); at maturity (9 descriptors).
Vitis vinifera varieties are all susceptible to Oidium and Plasmopara. For that reason the degree of resistance is analysed only at genotypes where resistance to both fungus diseases is suspected. The coordinators Institutes breeding goal is the development of fungus tolerant grapevine varieties. To gain knowledge about the degree of resistance to Plasmopara, the leaf disc method was applied on 39 varieties. The degree of resistance to Oidium on leaves and the berries was evaluated in the field collection on 29 varieties in 2001. In 2001 the leaf disc method was applied on 18 varieties. No reliable results were obtained.
The degree of Botrytis resistance differs between Vitis vinifera varieties (see the fourth individual report of partner 10). Therefore the analysis of the old varieties may help to find new resources for this fungus disease. In 2000 partner 10 evaluated the degree of Botrytis resistance of 26 varieties.
Results in year 2001 / respectively project years 3 to 5
The total target of the Genres081-project was to describe about 300 varieties with secondary descriptors. This task is largely on schedule. In the year 2001, 314 old and endangered and some fungus resistant grapevine varieties have been described, from which 214 were new varieties. Since the beginning of the project 505 different varieties have been described. For more details on the contribution of the partners see table 1. Remark: In the Technical Annexe CT96 – 81, page 3, #1.4 is written: „On a small scale for 13 grapevine diseases (here should be written 3 grapevine diseases not 13), results of laboratory and field evaluation will be gathered, ...“. By on a small scale was meant, that those institutes working in the field of resistance breeding will carry out the evaluation of the degree of resistance to fungus diseases. Task 4 Rationalisation of the grapevine collections Some partners solved synonymy-questions and succeeded in the detection of duplicates. Acquisition of grapevine germplasm Several partners mention activities to safeguard the germplasm of old and endangered varieties. Partner 3 mentions the plantation of rare varieties from a private collection and from different sites they found in Austrian fields. Collecting expeditions, plantation in collections and characterisation have been carried out by partners 4 and 5. Prospection of rare and non identifiable varieties was pursued by partner 9. The accessions were planted in an extra collection. Partner 11 compared the varieties he described in the scope of the project with minor or old varieties collected in different Italian regions, which could have some genetic relationship with local varieties of the Trentino. Prospection, preservation and characterisation of old and endangered varieties in vineyards which are more than 80 years old, is continued by the coordinator. Dissemination
Dissemination of the project results has been done mainly through oral presentations and articles and the free access to the data via the Internet. Recently the project results have been presented to scientific viticultural audiences in March 2002 (OIV Expert Group Vine Selection), June 2002 (OIV World Congress of Vine and Wine) and August 2002 (International Conference on Vine Genetics and Breeding). For further literature see the individual progress reports of the partners and of the coordinator. Conclusion about the targets of Genres 081:
(1) The tasks and milestones of the five project years have been achieved by all partners of the project. (2) Old and endangered varieties were characterised, which were poorly described in the past. (3) The EU-Vitis database was established. All data recorded in the scope of the project are registered in that database, together with photos from different parts of the plant. Descriptions and photos are of use for variety identification. (4) Some of the old and for a long time neglected varieties, described by the project partners can now be reconsidered and can be utilised as varieties of special value for consumers or can be involved in grapevine breeding. (5) Owing to the varieties different geographic (climatic) origin, the described varieties cover a wide range of grapevine diversity. (6) STMS-markers are suited for variety distinction and identification. The analysis is independent of equipment or the applied method.
Important benefits of Genres 081: (1) The acknowledgement of our activities by research, ministries and IPGRI led to the acceptance of the ECP/GR Vitis Working Group, ensuring a follow up of the started work. (2) Safeguarding, description and evaluation of rare old grapevine varieties was considerably stimulated. (3) A more precise descriptor definition will enhance objectivity in descriptor recording. (4) The integration of STMS-marker analysis in Genres081, stimulated, intensified and pushed ahead their use for variety recognition. (5) Genetic resources specific knowledge and experience could be exchanged between the project partners.
Untersuchungen der genetischen Vielfalt der Aurebe an Donau und March Projektnummer: BWO 023211 Projekttitel: Aurebenanalysen Laufzeit: 2002-2003 Projektleiter: Dr. Ferdinand Regner Beteiligte Institution: Bundesamt für Weinbau, Eisenstadt
Problem- / Aufgabenstellung: In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Bundesamt für Weinbau in Eisenstadt sollte eine genetische Analyse der Aureben an Donau und March durchgeführt werden. Einerseits konnte auf bereits erfassten Reben zurückgegriffen werden, andererseits konnte gemeinsam mit dem Bundesamt für Weinbau in Eisenstadt nach Reben gesucht und die gefundenen Wildreben mit einen GPS System kartiert werden. Ergebnisse: Die gefundenen Wildreben entsprechen genetisch völlig eigenständigen Reben und lassen dabei auch eine ortsabhängige Genetik erkennen. Verbindungen zu heute kultivierten Reben lassen sich nicht erkennen. Da sie vom phytopathologischen Standpunkt für den Weinbau keine Bedrohung darstellen, sollten sie als genetische Ur-Resource betrachtet und daher besonders geschützt werden. Die Erkenntnisse über die Genotypen aus Hainburg und Marchegg wurden bereits zusammengefasst und eine Publikation eingereicht. Eine weitere Publikation betreffend die Genotypen aus der Lobau ist in Vorbereitung.
Publikationen: Regner F., Hack R., Gangl H., Leitner H., Mandl K., Tiefenbrunner W., 2004 Genetic variability and incidence of systemic diseases in wild vines (Vitis vinifera ssp. silvestris) along the Danube Vitis 43(2):123-130
BWO 03 3201
Projekttitel: Versuchsausdünnung mittels Gibberelinsäure bei Burgunder Blau Laufzeit: 2003 Projektleiter: Dr. Ferdinand Regner Beteiligte Institution: Weingut Reinisch Tattendorf Problem- / Aufgabenstellung: Ausdünnen mittels Gibberlinsäure ist eine gängige Methode in der Produktion von kernlosen Tafeltrauben. Erste Versuche bei heimischen Keltertrauben zeigten, dass verschiedene Sorten durchwegs verschiedenartig reagierten. Während die Sorte Neuburger sehr heftige Ausdünneffekte zeigte, reagierte die Sorte Blauer Portugieser bei den selben Applikationsniveaus unwesentlich im Vergleich zu einer Null Variante. Da besonders für Rotweinsorten die Ausdünnung ein qualitatives Maß geworden ist, entstehen für die Winzer einerseits hohe Kosten und andererseits ein enormer Zeitaufwand. Der Versuch sollte zeigen ob unter Praxisbedingungen diese Methodik einsetzbar ist und ob sie für Blauer Burgunder als Alternative zu händischen Ausdünnen eingesetzt werden kann.
Ergebnisse: Die Gibberelinbehandlungen wurden in fünf facher Wiederholung durchgeführt, bonitiert und ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse des Versuches lassen die GA3 Ausdünnung als echte Alternative zum händischen Ausdünnen erkennen. Kleine Korrekturen können dann in der Vinifizierung durchgeführt werden. Erste sensorische Ergebnisse lagen vor. Die Weine konnten jedoch nicht einer kommissionellen Weinkost zugeführt werden, weil der Vergleichswein durch Oxidation verdarb. Die GA3 behandelten Weine zeichneten sich aber durch angenehmes Aroma, Fehlerfreiheit und Fruchtigkeit aus. Publikation: Regner F. und E. Kührer. 2004 Traubenausdünnung der Zukunft ?Der Winzer 4: 12-14
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